Thailand has traditionally been a major exporter of rice and other major agricultural products such as sugarcane. As much as two-thirds of the country’s population live in the rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. However, agriculture accounts for a mere 10 per cent of Thailand’s gross domestic product (GDP), well behind the contribution of the industrial and service sectors to the Thai economy.
It has been observed that Thailand’s agriculture sector is not as thoroughly integrated into the world market as are those of other Southeast Asian countries. This is credited to the fact that Thailand has never been colonized, in contrast to its neighbor countries. Indeed, there is less concentration of land in the country. Its agricultural economy is not as dependent on plantation crops; small farms devoted to the cultivation of rice, vegetables, fruits and fruit crops dominate the agricultural landscape.
But while it had been spared the legacy of colonialism, Thailand has not escaped the impact of the Green Revolution technology, which swept across Asia in the 1960s and led to the transformation of agricultural economies in the Region. This technology fostered a crippling dependence among Thai farmers on chemical farm inputs, causing chronic indebtedness. Thousands of hectares of land were converted to the production of rice and corn, particularly their modern and hybrid varieties, leading to the massive erosion of the plant genetic base. Among countries in Southeast Asia, Thailand was recorded as having used the most pesticide from 1980 to 1996, with rice pesticide sales averaging US$60 million per year and reaching as high as U$95 million in 1992. This figure does not include sales of herbicides (US$18 million per year), insecticides (US$31 million per year) and fungicides (US$12 million per year) – which were used in rice production alone.
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The Green Revolution package of technology has been so successfully propagated in Thailand that the use of chemical inputs has become the norm, especially among rice farmers. At the height of the Green Revolution in the 1970s, the Thai government —perhaps unaware as were many governments at the time of the adverse effects of long-term chemical use on the farms— eagerly promoted the technology and saw no need to regulate the use of chemical pesticides.
Starting in the 1980s, however, a number of non-government organizations (NGOs) in Thailand had started to talk about the adverse impact of chemical use in agriculture and about the need to promote alternatives to chemical-based farming. Groups such as the Alternative Agriculture Network (AAN) were formed.
The AAN was established in 1984 by a group of Thai individuals and NGOs that were concerned about the impact of chemical-based agriculture and the increasing disempowerment of Thai farmers due to indebtedness and lack of control over the marketing and trade of agricultural products. AAN is composed of a number of local and national NGOs working directly with farmers on alternative agriculture technologies. AAN has had vast experience in various alternative agricultural systems, such as agro-forestry, organic farming, natural farming and integrated farming, and has developed an extensive network of local organizations working directly with small farmer-producers, particularly in the major rice-producing provinces in Thailand, such as Khon Kaen and Surin in the northeast. AAN has served as a “mother organization” to many NGOs and groups working on sustainable agriculture in Thailand. Among these offspring organizations is Green Net.

What Makes Green Net different?
The movement for sustainable agriculture in Thailand started as a search for alternative farming systems. However, those in the movement soon realized that they needed to upscale and mainstream such models and that an essential part of the effort was the systematic marketing and promotion of non-chemical/organic products. Moreover, the development of alternative marketing channels for organic agriculture would complete the crucial production-to-marketing loop necessary to provide a holistic and economically viable alternative to conventional chemical-based agriculture.
Green Net was an early leader in this effort. Green Net was established in October 1993 by individuals from the civil society movement in Thailand and socially and environmentally concerned members of the business community. It was originally called Nature Food Cooperative before it changed its name to Green Net in the year 2000. Initially, its main preoccupation was establishing a fair trade cooperative in the country in order to respond to interest among fair trade organizations in Europe to import rice from Thai producer groups.
The founding members of Green Net pooled together their personal funds to come up with the start-up capital for the project, amounting to US$48,000. This seed money financed the initial operations of Green Net in 1993.
Green Net’s start-up capital has grown exponentially since then. Today, Green Net’s business operations are fully financed from the income of its business activities, from consultancy services within Thailand and other countries, and from its various activities in organic product marketing, and organic production and certification. Its thriving economic enterprise has allowed Green Net to diversify its products and operations, broaden its network, and expand its market over the past 12 years.
Green Net’s founding members also identified and developed a small cadre of young development workers and advocates who have had some experience in working with farmers on organic agriculture to form the core of Green Net’s marketing experts. Part of this core group was Vitoon Panyakul, who became Green Net’s (and Earth Net Foundation’s) longest-serving Executive Director and who emerged as a highly respected figure in the international organic certification circle.
Green Net’s Approach
Strategies and tactics
The key strategies employed by Green Net in its organic product marketing can be largely categorized into two complementary approaches: adopting mainstream marketing approaches and building a reputation based on international organic certification.
The Green Net Cooperative employed marketing strategies based on empirical studies conducted on marketing channels employed by mainstream traders, wholesalers and retailers. Guided by marketing studies, Green Net adopted the following approaches which are strikingly similar to the marketing strategies of private enterprises:

• Home delivery of organic merchandise to consumers/customers, especially highly perishable fresh vegetables which are then packed and delivered to offices and homes once a week;
• Opening up of organic shops in Bangkok and other key cities;
• Linking up with other organic shops in Thailand, and creating an affiliate group of around 40 organic shops;
• Wholesaling of organic produce;
• Export of organic produce (Green Net continued and expanded the rice export initiatives started by local producer organizations, as well as ventured into the export of processed products from organic raw materials.)

To build its reputation as a prime source of organic products for major destinations, especially Europe, where there is a flourishing market for organic agricultural products, Green Net worked to improve the quality of its products and to meet international certification standards. To gain some recognition for itself, it actively participated in international events, volunteered to work with international institutions working on organic farming and fair trade, and sought international organic certification, eventually becoming a full fledged member of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Since 1998, Vitoon has served as a member of the Board and Accreditation committee of the International Organic Accreditation Service (IOAS), an international body founded by IFOAM to provide IFOAM accreditation service to organic certification bodies around the world.
As its operations expanded to the export of organic products and as it diversified its activities beyond marketing, Green Net reviewed and restructured its organization in the year 2000 to improve transparency in its operations. The restructuring gave birth to two spin-off groups, namely the Green Net Cooperative and the Earth Net Foundation, whose functions complement each other’s and cover the two distinct aspects of Green Net’s operations in the years that followed.
The Green Net Cooperative handles the domestic marketing and export aspects of Green Net’s operations, guided by the Fair Trade philosophy. The Earth Net Foundation, on the other hand, took charge of the farm-to-the-table aspects of the work, providing technical assistance to producer groups that serve as the base of Green Net’s business operations, including capacity building, consultancy services, enterprise development and assistance in organic certification.
Green Net’s operations and activities are guided by the principles of Organic Agriculture and Fair Trade. Following the principles of Organic Agriculture, Green Net promotes sustainable development, ecological balance, a healthy environment and farmer empowerment. According to the Fair Trade principle, Green Net aims to provide a fair and just price for organic produce under terms agreed with producer groups and to promote the participation of farmers in decision-making.
Green Net’s Activities
Green Net has embarked on a number of activities since 1993. The following is a summary of the activities that it has undertaken in the past 10 years:
Direct marketing of organic products

Domestic market
Over the years, Green Net has experimented with a number of marketing strategies to sell and promote organic products in the domestic market. It set up its first “green shop” in October 1993, and has since adopted a number of retailing strategies, including the establishment of mobile stalls in the vicinity of government offices, office buildings and business establishments.
In 1994, Green Net pioneered the direct delivery of fresh organic vegetables to regular customers. To date, Green Net delivers packs of selected fresh organic vegetables to customers at their homes or offices.
Aside from retailing, Green Net has also ventured into the wholesale marketing of organic vegetables and products to privately owned and NGO managed organic shops in Bangkok and other major cities. It currently supplies organic products to more than 40 affiliate organic shops across Thailand.
Export market
Green Net has been exporting organic and fair trade products, mostly rice, to major export markets, especially to European countries such as Switzerland, German, Belgium and Italy. Its rice export business actually built on the initiatives of European fair trade organizations which had preceded Green Net.
Some NGOs under the AAN have been involved in the export of rice as early as 1988, with support from European NGOs. Under AAN’s banner, Green Net has set up a more systematic and efficient mechanism for NGO-initiated rice exports, namely by dealing in bulk and by expanding its export market across Europe. In 1995, Green Net, which then went by the name Nature Food Cooperative, received a rice export license registration from the Department of Foreign Trade of the Thai Ministry of Commerce. The export license allowed Green Net to start exporting rice to European Fair Trade organizations and to other supermarkets in Switzerland, Italy, France, German, Austria, Sweden, UK, Canada, and Belgium. Expanding its export line beyond organic food products in later years, Nature Food Cooperative then changed its name to Green Net Cooperative. In 2002, it was registered as the first fair trade rice producer in the world by the Fairtrade Labeling Organization International (FLO). Such registration allowed Green Net to put the FLO label on rice produced under the organic and fair trade project. In Europe, the FLO label certifies that a product was produced and procured under fair and equitable terms between the producer and the trader.
Awareness raising and capacity building
Green Net participates in and organizes various trade fairs, exhibits and fora showcasing organic products. The first public forum that it participated in was the “Free-Chemical Food for Health and Environment” forum organized in 1995 by the Fold Doctor Foundation at Lumpini Park. Green Net also regularly organizes local fairs to promote organic agriculture and green products during important festivals such as New Year and Christmas. It also holds product-specific fairs, such as the “Organic Rice Day” in 2002 which it co-organized with other sectoral organizations to broaden its support base and reach the different sectors in society. These organic fairs are sustained through follow up activities, such as in-depth training of farmers who are interested to pursue organic agriculture.
To raise the awareness of consumers on the nature and importance of organic agriculture and to familiarize urban-based advocates to rural development activities, Green Net started organizing eco-tour activities in 1997. Many of the earlier eco-tours were organized in collaboration with local partners in Chiangmai involved in organic vegetable production and community forestry activities, and in Suphanburi where local partners are involved in organic fruit and vegetable production.
Beyond organic fairs, Green Net also aims to link awareness-raising with policy advocacy, aimed particularly at influencing the development of policies supportive of organic agriculture. In 2001, Green Net organized a pioneering public seminar on “Entering World of Organic Agriculture”, with resource persons from the IFOAM and the IOAS. The seminar aimed to raise the awareness of the consumers’ and producers’ groups and of policy makers on issues related to organic standards, certification, and accreditation, and to influence the formulation of the Thai government’s policies in support of organic agriculture and trade. In November 2003, Green Net hosted a series of international conferences and workshops with IFOAM and FAO on organic vegetable production and export.
Product diversification
While Green Net’s initial focus was on the marketing and export of rice, it has quickly diversified into other organic agricultural products in the course of its business. The growth of its product lines since 1995 has been very impressive, from rice to vegetables, sugar and fruits, processed food products and handicrafts.
Building on its success in marketing organic agricultural products, Green Net Coop and its sister Earth Net Foundation ventured into higher value products and launched an eco-textile program in 2000. The program links eco-textile production with consumer marketing, and aims to promote local natural-dyed textile.
In 2001, Green Net also explored venturing into organic shrimp production by organizing a broad consultation with relevant sectors and government agencies in Thailand, in collaboration with Earth Net, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, the Organic Society (Thailand), IFOAM and KF Supermarket (Sweden). The consultation discussed experiences in organic shrimp farming, organic shrimp standards, and specific recommendations to the IFOAM Standards Committee on organic aquaculture standards. Preparations for the production and marketing of organic shrimps are underway.
National organic certification
Through its initial efforts in 1995 to come up with a draft policy on organic certification for Thailand and by drawing comments and feedback from the different stakeholders, Green Net has played a critical role in the development of a local organic certification body– the Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand (ACT) –in 2000. Aware that this new certification body needs to get involved in policy development with relevant authorities, Green Net worked closely with key agencies at the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Domestic Trade of the Thai government, nurturing good relations with key officials in the process.
The pivotal role of Green Net in ACT has in fact extended beyond its establishment. The initial management and supervision of the national organic certification system was left in the hands of Green Net’s executive director Vitoon Panyakul, who served as manager of ACT in its first three years of existence. When ACT became fully functioning, Vitoon turned over his management responsibilities so that the organization could grow on its own.
Technical assistance to other NGOs
Despite its successes and accomplishments in the area of organic product marketing, Green Net remains conscious of its role as a leading member of the civil society movement in Thailand. Through the years, the organization has generously shared its expertise, skills and lessons with other NGOs involved in organic production in Thailand as well as in other countries.
Green Net’s efforts in providing technical assistance and sharing its expertise with other NGOs, however, are most active at the national level. Since 1998, it has organized trainings for a wide array of audiences on practical knowledge and thematic areas in organic agriculture. Among the topics tackled in these trainings are “How to Open a Green Shop” and “Herbal Products” for organic shop operators and interested entrepreneurs; compost making and Bokashi farming methods for producers and NGOs involved in organic agriculture; and natural dyeing methods such as ikat and indigo for interested producers and entrepreneurs. To systematize its training program for organic production, Green Net developed training and extension methodologies for organic farming in 2000 under its “Organic Competency Project”, and adopted the farmer field schools (FFS) approach in organizing organic rice farming communities.
Green Net has also gone beyond the Thai borders to share the lessons that it has acquired. Three years after it started operating, Green Net organized a regional workshop on “Certification for Organic Agriculture and Alternative Market” in 1996 in collaboration with AAN and IFOAM-Asia. The workshop aimed to present working experiences in organic agriculture, certification and standards, including alternative marketing procedures in Asia. In 1999, Green Net started hosting an annual international training on “Organic Agriculture Development” in partnership with Grolink, an international organic consultancy company. The training was an intensive program that involved reviewing how the participants have been able to implement their respective development plans as part of a professional competency and institutional engagement in organic agriculture.
Currently, Green Net is implementing a “Rice Chain” project which provides a two-year training program for NGOs and farmers’ organizations from across Asia that are interested in implementing organic agriculture and fair trade initiatives in their respective countries.
In an effort to instill professional discipline in organic products marketing among producers and NGOs involved in the business in Thailand, the Earth Net sister of Green Net hosted a pilot audit for organic rice producers in 2002. The initiative, held in collaboration with four major international organic agriculture organizations, aimed to develop guidelines and tools for the implementation of social audits in sustainable agriculture.
Networking
Green Net works closely with partner NGOs in Thailand, particularly those that are part of the AAN. Building on the field experiences of AAN partners in implementing sustainable agriculture systems and on its own experiences in marketing organic products, Green Net has reached out to a broad network of NGOs and farmers’ organizations beyond Thailand by actively participating in and sharing its experiences in various conferences and meetings across Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Its leaders have made various presentations on organic agriculture and the experiences of Green Net in marketing.
Since it became an IFOAM member in 1995, Green Net has become a key anchor for the mainstreaming of organic products in Thailand and has continued to broaden its network among various sectors. In 1999, Green Net organized “Half a Decade of Green Net” to review the experiences and lessons learned as an alternative market organization with participants from organic farmers, green shop operators, NGOs, consumers and the interested public.
Green Net and Earth Net Foundation were requested by the United Nations’ Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP) to host a regional workshop on “Exploring the Potential of Organic Agriculture for Rural Poverty Alleviation” in 2001. The workshop was attended by participants from governments, NGOs and farmer organizations from across Asia and the Pacific. This has further affirmed the wide recognition of Green Net’s success in breaking into the mainstream market for organic agriculture.
Partnership building
Green Net has managed to establish various partnerships and alliances with different actors and stakeholders in the organic agriculture and fairtrade movement in and out of Thailand. Some of these partnerships are described below:
Producer-Groups
The most important partnership developed and nurtured by Green Net is with producer-groups. These producer-groups are located across Thailand, particularly in the major rice-producing provinces in the northeastern part of the country. The first producer group partners of Green Net were the Non-Toxic Vegetable Producer Group in Mae Ta district of Chiang Mai and the Kok Ko Taw Producer Group in Suphanburi, the palm sugar growers of Ampher Singhnakorn village, the shrimp paste makers of Bangsakom Village Songkhla, and the Free-Chemical Sesame Oil group from Thai Yai village Ban pangmoo Maehongson, among others. Many of the original producer groups that Green Net had worked with in the early 1990s are still part of its current network of organic producer groups.
Some of the original small, village-level production groups have since grown into bigger, provincial level organic producers’ groups or federations, such as the group in Yasothorn province. Green Net has anchored its marketing efforts on its long-term partnership with a number of local NGOs working directly with farmers, such as the Technology Resource Education and Enlightenment (TREE) in Suphanburi province.
Table 1 provides a list of the producer group partners of the Green Net Cooperative, including the key crop or product that each local group deals with.
Producers-Consumers
Green Net is also instrumental in building closer partnerships between producers and consumers. The fair trade principle allows producers to directly participate in setting the price of their products, given sufficient market information. Through its direct relationship with producer-groups and its innovative marketing schemes, such as home deliveries, and sustained efforts in urban consumer education, Green Net is bringing these two segments of the market closer together.
NGO-Government
Through its efforts to assist in the development of a national organic standards and certification system in Thailand, Green Net has earned the respect and trust of government agencies in Thailand working on these areas. The government has relied heavily on Green Net’s expertise in organic certification and accreditation to formulate and implement the national standards. The Earth Net Foundation in particular is in charge of providing technical support to personnel of various government agencies responsible for implementing organic agriculture projects.
IFOAM
Green Net’s full membership in the IFOAM since 1995 and Vitoon’s volunteer work with the IFOAM accreditation programme have helped to develop Green Net’s internal expertise in organic certification and standards. Also, through active participation in IFOAM activities and in other events organized by the international fair trade groups, Green Net has built a long-term partnership with the international organic agriculture movement and its partners worldwide. The partnership has opened up a number of opportunities for Green Net, which served as IFOAM’s principal partner and focal organization in Asia.
International Fair Trade Network
Green Net works extensively with a number of fair trade networks in a number of countries in Europe. These fair trade networks import organic products from Thailand through Green Net based on fair trade prices and terms. Through this scheme, Green Net brings together the producer-groups and the importers of organic products, cutting away the many layers of traders and middlemen that are usually involved in such transactions.
Information Dissemination
The first Green Net publication, a booklet on “Alternative Agriculture Standards” came out in 1995. Co-published by AAN, it was the first draft of organic standards in Thailand which was circulated for public consultation. Green Net later published five other booklets in Thai, among them the IFOAM Basic Standards of Organic Production, an alternative market booklet based on lessons from Japan, and another one on Organic Inspection.
In 1996, Green Net published a book on gender and organic agriculture entitled “On One Land and One Livelihood”. In the following year, it published a book on “Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity”. Other publications followed in succeeding years, such as the book “Sustainable Agriculture: Future Agriculture” and the comics on “Organic Agriculture Standards” both published in Thai and launched in 2001. The handbooks on “Introduction to Organic Agriculture” and on “Organic Jasmine Rice Production and Management” were published in 2002. Meanwhile, “Organic Market”, “The Situation of Organic Agriculture in Thailand and the World”, and “The Organic Rice Farmer” came out in 2003. The most recent, “Organic Agriculture: What to do to get certified,” was published in 2004.
The Public’s Response
The favorable response of the domestic and international markets to Green Net’s alternative marketing of organic products can be gleaned from its outstanding economic performance in the past 10 years. The growth of shops around Thailand, especially in key cities such as Bangkok, is strong testimony to the Thai public’s positive response to the dynamic marketing approaches and promotion of local organic products by Green Net.
The public awareness-raising, broad networking and proactive mainstreaming schemes adopted by Green Net have created a wider mass base of domestic consumers of organic products and has given birth to a sustained fashion for “green shops” and “health shops” in Thailand. There are currently 40 green shops across the country.
Lessons from Green Net’s Experience
Like many other pioneering development initiatives, Green Net has learned from mistakes committed along the way. Its leader has acknowledged that it is these lessons that have made Green what it is today and which it wants to impart to other groups venturing into alternative marketing of organic agriculture and fair trade.
Need for reliable supply
A limiting factor in Green Net’s alternative marketing efforts, especially in the first few years, was the unstable supply of organic agricultural products. While the AAN has provided the links with producer-groups and organizations involved in organic production, the demands of both the domestic and international markets were initially not sufficiently met. The situation was addressed through the years by expanding the network of producer-groups and local organizations to meet the economies of scale required especially in organic exports. As the production base increased, Green Net gradually expanded its domestic and international market for organic products by linking with Fair Trade groups in Europe and by building partnerships at IFOAM activities.
Meeting Organic Standards
Like most organic producers in developing countries, Green Net experienced difficulties in meeting international organic certification standards in its earlier attempts to export organic products. These initial hurdles were overcome by imposing internal standards among producer groups, and by developing the capacity of producers. At the same time, it set up local organic certifiers, and invested in basic technologies, such as mechanical sorting and modern packaging techniques, to ensure that its products conformed to high international standards.
Challenges and Opportunities Facing Green Net
The Green Net initiative faces a number of threats and opportunities in its continuing efforts to provide alternative marketing channels for Thai organic products as well as in its complementary activities, such as providing technical advice and sharing experiences in organic production, certification and marketing. These challenges and potentials are discussed in this section.
Opportunities and facilitating factors
Growing international market for organic products
The international market for organic products, which is growing at 10 per cent per year across Europe, presents the biggest opportunity for Green Net’s organic product export business. Green Net has an edge over many NGO-led organic product export initiatives because it has already carved an international reputation for itself in marketing a wide array of organic products. Its wide international network of partners, developed mainly through the IFOAM and fair trade networks, also provides a reliable market for its products.
Growing market for organic products in Asia
Green Net is also looking at the potentials of the Asian market with its rapidly growing niche market for organic products, especially in urban centers where young professionals are becoming more and more conscious of the health benefits of organically grown food products. Next to Europe, Asia, particularly China and India, has the fastest growing market for organic products. With Thailand being a major economic hub in Southeast Asia, Green Net’s prospects would be better improved by lower transport costs.
Diversification of products and services
Consumer demand in Asia is expected to grow beyond food to other items such as clothing and home products. With its ability to respond to market developments and trends, Green Net is expected to take full advantage of this opportunity. Its continuous efforts to diversify its products is a good strategy to respond to market demands and consumer preferences as well as to promote community enterprises based on the country’s rich tradition in handicrafts.
Emergence of a regional network of organic producers and advocates
The Green Net model has served as an inspiration to many NGOs and peoples’ organizations across Asia that are interested in implementing viable economic enterprises based on organic agriculture. Green Net’s attempts to link these initiatives (via its Earth Net Foundation), specifically by providing intensive technical training, may serve as the foundation for a regional network of organic producers that can meet the demands of the growing market for organic products in the region. Green Net has clearly seen this opportunity, as can be gleaned from its active efforts to extend technical services to interested groups.
Threats and constraints
Corporate interest in organic production
The rapidly growing domestic and international market for organic products has not escaped the attention and interest of corporations engaged in agricultural production. Charoen Pokhpand (CP), the largest food and agricultural conglomerate in Thailand, for example, has ventured into organic production in recent years to take advantage of the growing European market. Other small companies in Thailand have followed suit. These well-financed and technically capable private entities are direct competitors to NGO-led initiatives like Green Net. These companies are also well-equipped with modern technologies and facilities, and have far more resources and personnel to allow them to meet international organic standards, not to mention their international business network that provides a steady export market for their products.
Lower prices of organic products
While the growing demand for organic products in Europe and Asia provides a big opportunity for Green Net’s economic enterprise, the accompanying increase in the production base and the supply of organic products may lead to declining prices for organic products in the long term. On the other hand, this would help to broaden the market since lower prices would make organic products more affordable to wider segments of the market. In the medium term, however, it is possible that the growing market for organic products can still accommodate more players at sustained prices, and hopefully give better returns for the farmer-producers.
Bastardization of organic certification standards
With the increasing number of players in organic production and marketing, both in the private sector and in civil society, a number of organic certification standards are being adopted in different countries, one less stringent than the next. Corporations involved in the large-scale production of organic agricultural products are lobbying strongly for the easing of organic certification standards.
In the US, for example, the corporate agriculture lobby is moving for allowing the use of a certain amount of inorganic fertilizers in organic production and the use of certain antibiotics for organic dairy production. These alarming trends and developments pose a real threat to Green Net and similar organizations whose market reputation and price margins would be affected by the move towards less stringent certification standards.
NGO “baggage” regarding economic enterprises
Within the civil society movement, both in and outside of Thailand, economic enterprise initiatives such as Green Net are perennially challenged by a general perception among NGOs that successful economic enterprises that reap profits usually come at the expense of social responsibility and community empowerment.
On the other hand, it is just as widely believed that socially responsible efforts often jeopardize sound business principles. Green Net has so far shown that the concerns for social responsibility and economic viability can both be served through conscious planning and continuous assessment with the full support of the Thai civil society movement.
References
Claro Swiss. Green Net Thailand, April 2001.
Green Net Cooperative/ Earth Net Foundation Webpage. www.greennetorganic.com
GTZ. Organic World; Green Net. www.gtz.org
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Rice Facts.
Panyakul, Vitoon. Overview of Organic Agriculture in Asia. Paper presented at the Seminar on Production and Export of Organic Fruits and Vegetables in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand, 2000.
Panyakul, Vitoon. Powerpoint presentation. Organic Agriculture in Thailand.